A university professor once remarked that the purpose of higher education is not merely to prepare individuals for employment, but rather to cultivate their ability to think. However, how does this process of thinking development occur? In many universities worldwide, the focus is primarily on fostering critical thinking skills. This approach, however, does not equate to encouraging independent thought. Students are often guided to think critically within the confines of their professor’s preferred methodologies, which becomes evident when their methods are challenged. In contrast, Swedish universities adopt a markedly different philosophy. While they also emphasize critical thinking, the surrounding framework is distinctively unique. Students are not only encouraged to engage in critical analysis but are also taught to think independently and creatively. This educational environment promotes questioning not only the academic realm but all aspects of life. Such an approach empowers students to perceive the world from a fresh perspective, leading to innovative ideas rather than mere complaints about existing conditions. Instead of viewing the world as flawed and adhering to a prescribed way of thinking, students are prompted to consider, “Is there a more effective approach?” This creative and open-minded methodology is a significant factor contributing to Sweden’s consistent ranking as one of the most innovative nations.

Sweden is a nation situated in Northern Europe, specifically on the eastern side of the Scandinavian Peninsula. It has a population of approximately nine million residents, nearly two million of whom reside in and around the capital city, Stockholm. Despite being a sparsely populated country in the northern reaches of Europe, Sweden has successfully cultivated an impressive international reputation, attributed to its diverse accomplishments in commerce, technology, culture, and politics. While the country is endowed with natural resources, its true strength lies in its people. Currently, knowledge stands as Sweden’s most valuable asset, with a public education system that is consistently ranked among the highest in OECD evaluations.

 Swedish higher education institutions adhere to a degree framework that aligns with the Bologna Process, which aims to standardize higher education across Europe. This framework comprises three tiers of higher education, each with specific entry requirements: the first level (Undergraduate studies), the second level (Master’s studies), and the third level (Licentiate and PhD degrees).

PhD programs are fully funded, although they necessitate certain prerequisites. To qualify for third-level studies, candidates must possess a second-level degree—either a two-year Master’s degree or a one-year Master’s degree—or have completed four years of full-time study, which includes three years at the first level and at least one year at the second level. Additionally, equivalent international degrees may be accepted, and specialized knowledge may also meet the entry criteria.